Kwinyanga ezayo nguJuni, owaziwa ngokuba yi-LGBT yeNyanga yeNyanga. Silindele oku, kwaye kuba kulungile kwaye kufanelekile ukuxoxa ngokumelwa kwinkcubeko ye-pop kunye nemithombo yeendaba, sinikezela kuwe oku kujonga indlela umxholo we-LGBT oboniswe ngayo kwiincwadi eziqhelekileyo zaseMelika. Le ayisiyoyimbali epheleleyo. Asinayo indawo yalonto. Kodwa siyathemba ukuba uyakuxabisa oku kujonga kweminye yemikhosi emikhulu ebumbe amabali kunye nabalinganiswa kwincwadi yesiqhulo esiqhelekileyo.
IXESHA LEGOLIDI
Iincwadi zokuqala zamahlaya zaziprintwa ngokulula iziqwenga zemifanekiso ehlekisayo eboniswe kumaphephandaba aseU.S. Olunye uthotho oluthandwayo kakhulu UTerry kunye nePirates , eyayiqala ngo-1934 ukuya ku-1946. UHero Terry Lee wayeneentshaba ezininzi zabasetyhini ngexesha lothotho, omnye wabo yayingumFrentshi uSanjak, owayeyimpimpi ye-Axis Powers owayesaziwa ngokusoloko enxiba ngokungathi uyindoda. Xa uSanjak wayithimba intshisakalo yothando lukaTerry u-Epreli Kane kwachazwa ukuba wayenomdla kwintombazana encinci. Uninzi luthatha lo mlinganiswa njengowesini sokuqala kumahlaya.
IGolden Age yeencwadi ezihlekisayo ithathelwa ingqalelo ukugquma ii-1930s kude kube malunga ne-1951. Ngeli xesha, isini kwii-comics eziqhelekileyo ubukhulu becala sasinomda ekuchazeni ngencoko. Ngamaxesha athile ii-comics zeGolden Age zibonisa amadoda angamakhwenkwe ukuba asebenze njengesiqhulo esihlekisayo, esifana noJasper Dewgood ovela kumabali e-Kid Eternity. Umfazi oMangalisayo uphakamise amashiya ambalwa okoko i-backstory yakhe ibandakanya ukukhuliswa kwisiqithi esihlala kuphela ngabafazi, abanye babo abadlala ngokudlala ebukhobokeni, nokuba yinxalenye yomdlalo okanye ukuzilolongela amandla abo. Iibhayibhile zaseTijuana zikwabonisa abalinganiswa abaziwayo kwiimeko zesondo, ngamanye amaxesha kubandakanya unxibelelwano ngesini esifanayo, ngaphandle kokuba nelayisensi okanye imvume yokwenza njalo. Akukho mntu uyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba kutheni babizwa ngokuba ziibhayibhile zaseTijuana.
Nanini na xa kuxoxwa ngemixholo yezesondo kwiikomikhi zeGolden Age, amaqhawe amabini anxiba ngokunqamlezayo ahlala evela. Ngo-1940, Ukuhlaziya iiComics # 1 wazisa uRichard Stanton, owazenza ibhinqa elidala eligama linguMadame Fatal ukulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngo-1939, umlinganiswa uNks Maxine Ma Hunkel waziswa ngo Zonke iiComics zaseMelika # 3, ilungu elixhasayo lenkqubo yehlaya Ukubhala . Kwi Zonke iiComics zaseMelika # 20, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuba uMadam Fatal avele, uMa Hunkel waba yiRed Tornado yoqobo, evumela abanye ukuba bacinge ukuba yindoda eyindoda. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi uMa Hunkel wayeyigorha yokuqala yabasetyhini esemthethweni (ndithambekele ekuvumeni, kodwa leyo yingxoxo ngelinye ixesha). Emva kwexesha abantwana bakhe baba ngamacala akhe, amaTornado Twins. Kwicala elibi lezinto, uWonder Woman walwa nesaphuli-mthetho esibizwa ngokuba nguBlue Snowman owaba ngumfazi ozifihlileyo.
Amabali kaSuperman abonisa umlinganiswa otshintshe isini. I-Ultra-Humanite yaba sisazinzulu sokuqala ukuphambana nokulwa no-Man of Steel, owaqala ngo-1939. Ngo-1940 wagqithisela ingqondo yakhe wayiqokelela kumdlali weqonga webhanyabhanya uDolores Winters (owathi kamva wabizwa ngokuba ngu-Delores Winters). I-Ultra-Humanite isebenzise ifom yayo entsha ukufihla emthethweni kunye nokulukuhla abanye ukuba benze ibhidi yayo. Ngokucacileyo wasweleka ngo-1940 kodwa waphinda wavela kwiikomiki emva kweminyaka. Ngo-1981 ingqondo ye-Ultra-Humanite yagqithiselwa kumzimba wesithathu, inkawu yealbhino enentloko eyandisiweyo. Ufunde ngokuchanekileyo. Zihlekisa.
Elinye ibali lokuguqa ngokwesini elifanelekileyo lesaziso lapapashwa nguCharlton Comics kwi Izinto eziza emajukujukwini # 3 (1953). Ibali lenguquko libonisa uGqr Lars Kranston kuvavanyo lwenqwelomoya oluya eMars kunye nentombi yakhe kunye nomncedisi wakhe uBetty. Inqanawa yengozi kwaye bobabini bohlukene, elowo ukholelwa ukuba ngoku sele eyedwa. ULars woyika ukuba uyakuphambana ngaphandle komsebenzi okanye unxibelelwano lomntu. Ukuhamba kwinqanawa enqanaweni, ufumana amanqaku kwinkqubo yokulinga yokunikezela ngesini kwaye ayilandele, hayi nje ukuthatha ixesha lakhe kodwa nangenxa yokuba ekholelwa ukuba abantu ngabantu abaphantsi. Okwangoku, uBetty ufunda indlela yokuphila yedwa kwindawo ye-Martian. Ekugqibeleni udibana noKranston kwaye ukhathazekile kukufumanisa ukuba isithandwa sakhe ngoku singumfazi.
GayLeague.com icebisa ukuba iNguquko iphefumlelwe ziingxelo zeendaba kunyaka ongaphambi kwalowo UChristine Jorgensen, owazalwa njengo-George William Jorgensen Jr. kwaye waphinda wanikwa isondo phantsi kononophelo luka UGqirha Christian Hamburger eDenmark. UJorgensen wasebenzisa udumo lwakhe ukuba abe ngummeli wabantu be-transgender. Ngayiphi na imeko, ukuba uCharlton Comics wayezamile ukupapasha elo bali emva konyaka, ngekhe ibone ukuprinta kubulelwa UGqirha Frederic Wertham kunye nento entsha abaninzi abayibiza ngokuba yiKhowudi.
IKHOWUDI
Ukuqala ngo-1948, ugqirha wezifo zengqondo uFrederic Wertham wabhala wathetha esidlangalaleni ngeenkolelo zakhe zokuhlekisa ngabantwana abakhohlakeleyo ngemiyalezo yabo eyimfihlo ekhuthaza ububi eluntwini njengolwaphulo-mthetho, isimilo sokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini, kunye nokuziphatha okuchaseneyo noluntu (okuthetha ukuba indlela yokuziphatha eyonakalisayo eluntwini, ukuze ungabhidaniswa nokungabikho koluntu) . Oku, kunye nokuba ngumzali ombi, bekukhokelela ekuweni koluntu lwaseMelika. Ngo-1954 uWertham wapapasha iingxoxo kunye nezigqibo zakhe kule ncwadi idumileyo Ukulahlekiswa kwabamsulwa . UAdolf hitler , ngokukaWertham, wayengumqali xa kuthelekiswa nomzi mveliso weehlaya. Superman kunye namanye amaqhawe babekhuthaza ngokucacileyo i-fascism kunye ne-anarchy, bebhiyozela umbono wokuba amandla abo athetha ukuba balungile. UWertham wakhomba kuBatman noRobin njengeyona ndlela yokuphila ifanelekileyo yobufanasini. Eda ucacise kutheni oku kuyimpazamo yenye yezona zihlekisayo, ngokoluvo lwakhe. Ubume beAmazon njengowasetyhini ongatshatanga owayenamandla kunomdla wakhe wothando kwakuthetha ukuba wayengumlingani wesini oyingozi owayengaziqondi iindima zesini.
Enyanisweni, uMdali woMfazi oMangalisayo uWilliam Moulton Marston wayezimisele ukucela umngeni kwiindima zesini, echaza amabali akhe ngemifanekiso yobukhoboka kwaye ethetha ngokuxhotyiswa kunye nodade. Kodwa uMarston wasweleka ngo-1947 kwaye i-Wonder Woman comics emva koko yaba mbuna ngakumbi kwaye ngokuhambelana nexabiso lesini lesiqhelo, umlinganiswa uhlala egxile ekufumaneni indoda. Iminyaka emine ngaphambili Ukulahlekiswa kwabamsulwa wakhululwa, uWonder Woman washiya umsebenzi wakhe emkhosini wase-US ukuba abe ngumhleli wekholamu yeengcebiso zothando. UWertham wayekhalaza ngezinto ezazingazange zibekhona kwincwadi yakhe iminyaka.
Ubungqina bukaWertham babudla ngokubandakanya iiphaneli ezihlekisayo ezikhutshiweyo ngaphandle komxholo kwaye zichazwe gwenxa, njengaxa wayesithi imigca yemisipha kumlinganiswa yayiyimifanekiso efihliweyo ngabom ye-anatomy yabasetyhini. Wayesoloko esebenzisa iipaneli kunye nemiboniso ethathwe kukoyikeka kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oludityaniswe kunye nokugxekwa ngamabali amakhulu, ukungahoyi ukuba iincwadi ezahlukeneyo zenzelwe abaphulaphuli abohlukeneyo. Kwaqinisekiswa kwiminyaka yakutshanje ukuba uWertham wenza olunye uphando kwaye akazange azibambe kwimigangatho eyamkelweyo yesayensi okanye yezonyango, exhomekeke kubungakanani beesampulu ezincinci kunye neeakhawunti ze-anecdotal. Ngelishwa oku kwakungaziwa ngelo xesha, kwaye abazali abachaphazelekayo ngokwaneleyo bakholelwa uWertham ukuba abanye abantu babambe ukutshiswa kwencwadi yamahlaya esidlangalaleni.
Emva kokupapashwa kwe Ukuhendwa kwabamsulwa, U-Wertham uthethe phambi kwekomitana ye-Senate kwi-Juvenile Delinquency kwaye wangqina ukuba iincwadi ezihlekisayo zezona zinto zibangela ulwaphulo-mthetho kulutsha. Ingxelo yekomitana ichaze ukuba ishishini lokuhlekisa lifuna ukwenza isenzo salo ngokuhambelana kunye nokuzithoba kwinqanaba lokuziphatha okuthandabuzekayo. Ukuphendula kwesi sisongelo sokuqhubela phambili kukarhulumente okanye umgaqo, i-Comics Magazine Association yaseMelika yenziwa njengeqela elitsha lezorhwebo kwaye ladala iComics Code Authority. Le seti yemithetho, edla ngokubhekiswa nje njengeKhowudi, ibingenawo nawaphi na amandla asemthethweni kubapapashi, kodwa iivenkile azinakuba sengozini yokuthwala iihlaya ezingaphathanga uphawu lwangempela lweKhowudi lokuvunywa.
Ikhowudi yayinemithetho emininzi. Awunakho ukubonisa isondo, ubunqunu, imiboniso yezesondo ngokucacileyo, okanye ubundlobongela obubonakalayo. Akunakubakho ukuzibaxa kwezinto kumalungu omzimba obhinqileyo, kwanangubo ayinakutyhila kakhulu kwifom yabasetyhini. Amagcisa ayexelelwa rhoqo ukuba asuse imigca yokuqhekeza (okanye i-intermammary sulcus, ukusebenzisa igama lonyango), nokuba umlinganiswa wayenxibe umphezulu osikiweyo okanye isuti yokuqubha. Awunakho ukubonisa ukuba lwenziwa njani ulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuba kungenzeki iteknoloji okanye amandla. Abahlali babengenakubonisa indlela yokufihla izixhobo. Amagorha awazange abe namathandabuzo ngokuziphatha okanye ahendwe bububi. Izikrelemnqa zazingenakuba novelwano. Abasemagunyeni babengenakho ukubonakaliswa njengabangenabuchule okanye abakhohlakeleyo ngaphandle kokuba babonwa ngokungqalileyo njengempimpi okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho abazenza kuphela njengegunya. Ukubhekisa kubalinganiswa abanengxaki yokugula bekufanele kuthintelwe. Ikhowudi yade yathintela iihlaya ekusebenziseni igama elithi FLICK, kuba bekukho uloyiko lokuba i-inki ingasebenza kwaye idibanise i-L kunye nam, ibenza babonakale njengonobumba U
Kwakukho izikhokelo ezininzi malunga nendlela ezokwabelana ngesondo nothando ngayo kumabali. Emithathu yale mithetho yayi:
- Ukwabelana ngesondo ngokungekho mthethweni akufuneki kuthethwe okanye kuboniswe. Imiboniso yothando enobundlobongela, kunye nokungaqheleki ngokwesondo akuvumelekanga.
- Unyango lwamabali othando luyakugxininisa ixabiso lekhaya kunye nobungcwele bomtshato.
- Ukugqwetha ngokwesondo okanye nakuphi na ukutyekela kokufanayo akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo.
Idibeneyo, le mithetho mithathu inokuthintela nawuphi na umxholo we-LGBT. Yintoni eyenze ukungaqheleki ngokwesini kunye nokugqwethwa ngokwesini kwakuxhomekeke kwisigwebo soMlawuli weKhowudi yeGunya loMlawuli. Ungazama ukuphikisana, kodwa i-CCA yayinenkani kwaye ingaqhelekanga. Umzekelo, ngamanye amaxesha babethumela amanqaku abapapashi becela ukuthoba umsi wompu, kuba umsi omninzi wawonyusa umgangatho wobundlobongela.
Ukuphendula kwizityholo zikaWertham zobufanasini kunye nemithetho yeKhowudi ngokuchasene nokuziphatha gwenxa ngokwesondo, i-DC Comics yaqala ukuvelisa amabali kunye nabalinganiswa ukunika uBatman imeko entle, yosapho. Ngo-1955 abafundi badibana no-Ace, uShepard waseJamani owayekhe ajoyine i-Dark Knight kwimishini njenge-Bat-Hound. Kunyaka olandelayo IiComics zoMcuphi # 233 wazisa uKathy Kane aka Batwoman, umdla wokuzonwabisa kunye nomdla wothando owenzelwe ukuphelisa nawaphi na amarhe okuba sisini. Umtshana wakhe uBetty Kane emva koko waba yi-Bat-Girl ukuze aphumelele intliziyo kaRobin.
Usenokubuza, ngaba yayingenguye umfazi wesikati owayesele enomdla wothando kuBatman? Ewe, phantsi kwemithetho emitsha yeKhowudi, uBatman wayengenakutsalwa kuye nangayiphi na indlela, ngaphandle kokuba uCatwoman aqale ngokuyeka ubomi bolwaphulo-mthetho, wenza ixesha entolongweni, emva koko waba ngummi ongumzekelo. Ngapha koko, bekukho inkxalabo yokuba isibheno sesini sikaCatwoman sibonise ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ke wanyamalala kwiikhomikhi ukusuka ngo-1954 ukuya ku-1966. Kwiminyaka emibini phambi kokuba abuye uBatman wanikwa ithoni enzulu kwakhona, kwaye bobabini uKathy noBetty bakhutshwa emabalini. Bafumene indlela yabo ebuyela ezihlekisweni kwiminyaka emininzi kamva.
IINKCUKACHA ZABADALA NEENKXALABO ZOMFUNDI
Nangona iKhowudi yathintela izimvo ze-LGBT ukuba zingaveli kwiikhomikhi eziqhelekileyo, ayizange ibathintele abalandeli ekuqikeleleni ngesini sabalinganiswa abathile. Ngo-1958 iLegion of Super-Heroes yaziswa kwibali le-Superboy. Iqela beliyiklabhu yamagorha okwishumi elivisayo azalelwa kwinkulungwane ye-30, amalungu ayo evela kwiiplanethi ezahlukeneyo kwaye esebenzisa amandla amaninzi angaqhelekanga. I-LSH yathandwa ngokukhawuleza, ekugqibeleni yafumana uthotho lwayo. Ngo-1963 abafundi badibana nelungu le-LSH eligama linguJan Arrah aka Element Lad, owayekwazi ukuhambisa izinto. Kunyaka olandelayo, kwi IiKhomikhi zoTyelelo # 326, u-Element Lad uphawule ukuba uziva ephumile kwinto yakhe xa kufikwa kumantombazana kunye nokuthandana. Kumabali ambalwa abonisa ikamva le-LSH Element Lad kubonakala ngathi lelona lilungu leqela elingabonwa ngathi litshatile okanye kubudlelwane bezothando. Abafundi abaliqela bagqibe kwelokuba uJan waye sisitabane, kunye ne-LSH fanzine I-Interlac Nditsho nokupapasha fanfiction edibanise iqhawe kunye neqabane eliyindoda.
Ikhowudi yaqala ukukhulula ezinye izithintelo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960. Ngo-1971 izikhokelo zayo zahlaziywa kwaye ezimbalwa zaphoswa, ezanceda ukungenisa ixesha elitsha lokuphawula kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kumabali amakhulu. Ama-Vigilantes anokufumanisa ukuba izihlobo zawo zinemikhwa efihlakeleyo yeziyobisi. Abahlali banokuphinda babulale ababulali kwakhona okokuqala ngqa kwiminyaka. Superman unokucinga ukuba imisebenzi yakhe iyayiphazamisa inkqubela phambili yomntu. Izinto ezingokwemvelo ezinje ngeedemon, i-vampires, kunye ne-werewolves zaphinda zavunyelwa kwiikomikhi eziqhelekileyo. Kodwa umxholo we-LGBT wawusekho etafileni.
Buyela kwi-Element Lad okomzuzwana. Ngo-1978 umlingisi obhinqileyo uShaughn Eric, igosa lamaPolisa eSayensi, waziswa kwiLegion of Super-Heroes amabali. Kungekudala wasondela kakhulu ku-Element Lad, owayeyinkokeli ye-LSH. Abanye bakubona oku njengeplatonic, unxibelelwano lokomoya. Abanye bayithathe njengokuthandana ngokungafaniyo nomntu ongatshatanga naye, ngokungqinelana noJan engazange abonwe njenge-gay okanye njengesiqhelo esivela ngqo kwi-DC Comics yokuphelisa ingxoxo yabalandeli ngesini sakhe. Ekuqaleni kwee-1980, ii-comics zacacisa ukuba uShaughn noJan babethandana kwaye bethandana.
Kodwa oku kwakungesiyo ukuphela kwengxoxo yesini ye-Element Lad. Okungakumbi kamva.
Ngo-1979 iqela laseKhanada lamaqhawe aziwayo aziwa ngokuba yiAlpha Flight lavela kumaphepha e- I-X-Men engafunekiyo . Iqela bekufanele ukuba lisebenze njengabachasi kwi-X-Men kunokuba lenze njengabalinganiswa kumabali abo, ke amalungu ebenganikwanga ulwazi lomntu. Ngenxa yoku, umyili weAlpha Flight UJohn Byrne Ekuqaleni wayemathidala xa ebuzwa ukuba ajikeleze iqela lakhe kuthotho lwayo. Nje ukuba athathe isigqibo sokwenza njalo, weza ne-backstori zomlinganiswa ngamnye. Ilungu leqela u-Northstar aka Jean-Paul Beaubier ngoku kwathiwa uguqukile-umntu onamandla ngenxa yokuzalwa nge-X-gene-kunye nomdlali we-Olimpiki wangaphambili. U-Byrne naye uthathe isigqibo sokuba i-Northstar yayisisitabane. Nangona kunjalo, akazange akutyhile ngokuthe ngqo oku kumabali. Endaweni yokuba alahle iingcebiso, ezinje ngokuba neqela elimsulwa lithetha ukuba uJean-Paul akazange abonakale enomdla kakhulu kubantu ababhinqileyo abancinci awabafumana njengembaleki ebhiyozelwayo. U-Byrne naye wayengenangxaki yokuxelela abanye ngamazwi ukuba i-Northstar yayili-gay.
U-Byrne ekuqaleni wenqabile ukuthi ukuba ikhona into engaphaya kweKhowudi ethintele i-Northstar ukuba ingaphumi, wavuma kule minyaka idlulileyo ukuba naye wayethintelwe UJim Shooter , UMhleli oyiNtloko eMarvel ukusuka ngo-1978 ukuya kowe-1987. Ngo-2013, u-Byrne uthe, uMdubuli wayenqande nakuphi na ukukhankanywa kobufanasini base-Northstar (enkosi UJohnByrneSays Ngokukhomba oku). Kwanangaphambi kokuba u-Byrne enze oku kwamkelwa, bekuxelwe iminyaka emininzi kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo ukuba ngexesha lakhe njenge-EIC, uMdubuli wagweba ukuba akukho zifanasini kwi-Marvel Universe.
Ngo-1980, uShooter wabhala i-comic eyaba ngumxholo wempikiswano. Isihogo Sobuqu siboniswe kwi Ukuthintela iHulk # 23 (1980) kwaye ijolise ukubeka umlinganiswa ophambili uBruce Banner kwindawo enobungozi noloyiko. Ukuthintela iHulk yayiyimagazini ekujoliswe kuyo ngabafundi abaqolileyo kwaye ithengiswa kwiivenkile ezihlekisayo kunakwindawo zokuthengisa iindaba zikarhulumente.
Indawo enye ibandakanya ukufihlwa kwesibhengezo emapoliseni kunye nokuthatha ukuphumla kwi-YMCA. Amadoda amabini kwisaziso seYMCA Banner kwaye agqibe ekubeni uyathandeka. Bayamlandela ukuya kuhlamba kwaye bayenze icace ukuba bazimisele ukumdlwengula. Uloyiko lweBanner lukhulu kangangokuba akakwazi nokujika abe yiHulk (engahambelaniyo namaxesha amaninzi uloyiko lubangelwe kukutshintsha kwakhe ngaphambili nasemva koko). Emva kokuba ebalekile abahlaseli bakhe wayegubha ngokoqobo kunye nokuphazamiseka xa ecinga ngento enokwenzeka, ebangela ukuba iHulk ivele kwaye iqhubeke.
Umdubuli wathi eli bali lalenzelwe ukunika umbono wokwenyani kukoyikeka kobundlobongela, hayi ukubonelela ngombono wobufanasini. Abagxeki baphikise ukuba, njengoko abo babeza kuba ngabadlwenguli yayingabalinganiswa bokuqala kwiMarvel Comics ezichongwe ngokuthe ngqo njengezingezo-heteronormative ibali liphuma njengobungqingili ngaphandle kwenjongo.
Buya ngomso for icandelo 2 , singena kwiikhomikhi ezazichasa ikhowudi yokuvalwa komxholo we-LGBT kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa eso sithintelo sihamba.
UAlan Sizzler uCysts ( @SizzlerKistler ) ngumdlali weqonga kunye nombhali ochonga njengowesifazana kwaye uthanda iihlaya. Ngamanye amaxesha usebenza njengembali yeencwadi ezihlekisayo kunye nomcebisi wegeek, kwaye ungumbhali Ugqirha Ngubani: Imbali .
Ngaba ulandela uMary Sue on Twitter , Facebook , Tumblr , IPinterest , & UGoogle + ?
