Lixesha leHalloween. Kwaye kukho imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yeHalloween enembonakalo yomlingo ngaphezu komthakathi kwi-broomstick yakhe, ebhabha esibhakabhakeni, ihlala igcwele inyanga. Ngumfanekiso esiphantse ukuwuthatha kancinci. Sicinga nje ukuba amagqwirha ziluhlobo oluthile lwezidalwa ezingaphezu kwendalo ezinokubhabha ngokulula ngomlingo, kwaye asiphinde siyihlolisise. Kodwa zininzi iimbali kunye nemfihlakalo nje kuloo trope inye, kunye nesini kunye neziyobisi (hayi iliwa kunye nokuqengqeleka nangona kunjalo) emva kwendiza yomtshayelo kunokuba ucinga. Ke namhlanje siza kuxoxa ngendlela igqwirha elinokubhabha ngayo.
Ngokwembali, amagqwirha ayekwazi ukubhabha ngokusebenzisa ioyile yokubhabha. Ezi yayiziisalves okanye ii-unguents ezenziwe ngezityalo ezinetyhefu ngokubanzi ezazisetyenziswa emzimbeni. Xa ifunxiwe, ezi mafutha, kuba zazinee-deliriants (hayi ii-hallucinogens) ezinike imvakalelo yokubhabha. Ke abantu ababebasebenzisa (ngesiqhelo abafazi) babephakama, phantse ngokwenyani. (Ewe ndiyibonile ithiyori ukuba lo ngowona mthombo wekota eyiyeyona iphakama).
Ukuphaphazela kwamagqwirha, okanye iinguqu zawo, akuzange kube yinto yokoqobo — yayikukubaleka kokomfuziselo komoya, ukuya komnye ummandla okanye kwindawo yokuphila. Ukusetyenziswa kweoyile yokubhabha kunokuba yinxalenye yento ebizwa ubugqwirha besabatha, kodwa ngokunyaniseka asiyazi imbali epheleleyo kuba zimbalwa iirekhodi ezikhoyo, ngenxa yokuba oku bekuyindlela eqhelekileyo yokufihla ubugqi.
Njengamayeza amaninzi asetyenziswa kwizithethe zonqulo, ukusetyenziswa kweoyile yokubhabha kuneengcambu ezintle zakudala. Ngokwewebhusayithi Abantu beBane , iwebhusayithi kunye nomthombo okwi-intanethi ozinikele ekusetyenzisweni kwezityalo ezinezilingo kumlingo nasekuphiliseni:
Amafutha okubhabha akhankanywe kuApollonius Rhodius ' IArgonautica ukususela ngo-200 BCE uApuleius ' I-Asile yegolide Ukusukela malunga ne-160 CE, kwaye eyona ireferensi indala inokwenzeka ikwiHomer I-Iliad Ukusukela malunga ne-800 BCE apho uthixokazi uHera asebenzisa ioyile ye-ambrosia ukubhabhela e-Olympus, ngelixa engazange achukumise umhlaba.
Amafutha okubhabha ayebhalwa malunga nenkulungwane ye-13 ngabantu abanjengoAlchemus Magnus, owabhala malunga nabo basebenzisa umlingo omnyama besebenzisa uHenbane kwimisitho yabo. Ngombulelo kwimibhalo efana neyakhe nabanye Siyazi ukuba zithini izithako kwizithambiso eziphaphayo kwiminyaka ephakathi .
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, i-henbane yayisisithako esithandwayo kwioli ephaphazelayo. UHenbane uvela kwi nightshade Usapho, kwaye uninzi lweoyile ephaphazelayo ibandakanya uhlobo oluthile lwe-nightshade. Nightshade (okanye Solanaceae izityalo zibanzi kakhulu kwaye ziqhelekile: usapho lubandakanya iitumato, ii-eggplants, kunye nepepile, kunye nezityalo ezinetyhefu efana ne-belladonna, i-henbane, i-mandrake, okanye i-datura. Yeyona mva isetyenzisiweyo kwizithambiso eziphaphazelayo, ke nceda ungazithambisi kwi-eggplant marinara kwaye uzame ukuya kuhambo lokomoya.
Ingxelo ye-1276 yeoyile ephaphazelayo eyenziwe nguTheodoric waseCervia yenziwa yile: Henbane, mandrake, hemlock, lettuce, opium, ivy, climbing ivy, lapathum, juice of nonripe mulberry, and spurge flax. Le nguqulo yathathwa ngokufaka isiponji kumxube kunye nokusezela. Izithako ezintathu apha-i-mandrake, i-hemlock, kunye ne-opium-zaziwa kakuhle ngengqondo kunye nezityalo ezibulalayo. I-Hemlock ingakumbi inokubulala. Kodwa zikwanokusebenza kwengqondo xa zisetyenziswa kwixabiso elifanelekileyo.
Uninzi lweentambiso zokuthambisa zibhabha, njengoko besesitshilo, iityuwa ezazikhutshiwe emzimbeni. Ezi zazenziwe ngamanqatha ezilwanyana okanye ioyile yemifuno yohlobo oluthile. Kukusetyenziswa kwamafutha ukuba imbali yezithambiso eziphaphazelayo ithathe indawo emnyama ngokwenene eqala ekuvuseleleni, kwaye ihambelana nokunyuka kokuzingelwa kwabathakathi kunye nokulingwa eYurophu.
Nangona amagqwirha ayetyholwa ngaphambili, ubhubhane wokwenene wovavanyo lobugqwirha obuqala ngenkulungwane ye-15 buvela phantse ngokupheleleyo ukupapashwa kwencwadi enye , Umnqweno , okanye iHammer yamaGqwirha ebhalwe nguHeinrich Kramer, neyayisetyenziselwa ukufumana amagqwirha kwaye yayiquka iindinyana ezimalunga nendlela amagqwirha azisebenzisa ngayo izinto zokuthambisa ezenziwe ngamanqatha abantwana ukubhabha. Le nkolelo yafumana ukubambeka kwaye yaphindwa ngabanye ababhali, kubandakanya noFrancis Bacon, owabhala wathi:
Amafutha asetyenziswa ngamagqwirha axelwa ukuba enziwe ngamanqatha abantwana abagrunjwe emangcwabeni abo; yeejusi ze-smallage, ingcuka-bane, kunye ne-cinque-foil, exutywe nesidlo sengqolowa entle. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba amayeza e-soporiferous ayathanda ukuyenza; Ezi henbane, hemlock, mandrake, umthunzi wenyanga, icuba, iopium, isafron, amagqabi epoplar.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthatha inyathelo lokubuyela apha kwaye ujonge oku ngamehlo anamhlanje. Kungenxa yokuba abantu basalwenza olu hlobo lokuqhekeka kwaye bayakholelwa kulo.
Kwakungekho mafutha osana kwizithambiso ezibhabhayo zembali, masicace gca, kodwa abazingeli bamagqwirha babedinga into ethile kwizityholo zabo ukuze zibenze babe nemincili ngokwenene. Batyhola ukuba abafazi babhabha baya kungena kwiisabatha ukubingelela iintsana kumtyholi, balala nomtyholi, kwaye basebenzisa imizimba yabantwana kwizithethe ezimnyama. Oko kuvakala ngokuchanekileyo njengamakholwa eQAnon asatyhola amaDemokhrasi kunye namalungu ombuso onzulu wokwenza . Ungacinga emva kweminyaka engama-600 abantu bebeza nezimangalo ezingcono, ezinokuthenjwa, kodwa ndicinga ukuba akukho nto ibetha iintsana?
Ngoku. Ngaba imitshayelo ize phi kuyo yonke le nto?
Ewe, Nye ithiyori ithi ukuthambisa amafutha kusebenza kakhulu xa kusetyenziswe inwebu yangaphakathi, njengamakhwapha. Kodwa yintoni eyona ndawo ilunge kakhulu (kwaye imnandi kakhulu) equlathe inwebu yangaphakathi? I-vulva. Yilapho izinto zokudlala zesondo zingena khona.
Ngokwabanye, kubandakanya uMichael Pollan kwi Ibhotile yoMnqweno , iioyile ezibhabhayo zazilawulwa kwilungu lobufazi kusetyenziswa idildo ekhethekileyo. Olu luvo luvela kwiirekhodi ezininzi zabafazi abakwiminyaka ephakathi kunye novuselelo ekuthiwa babanjwa besebenzisa ioyile yokuthambisa kwaye batyholwa ngobugqwirha.
Ngo-1324, i-Ireland yabona ityala layo lokuqala, apho Inenekazi u-Alice Kyteler watyholwa ngobugqwirha. Amarekhodi aqaphela ukuba abaphandi bafumene umbhobho weoyinti, athe kuwo wagcoba abasebenzi, apho agxumeka khona kwaye wagxadaza kubunzima kunye nokubhitya, nini kwaye ngayiphi indlela adwelise ngayo.
Enye ingxelo ifumaneka kwinkulungwane ye-15 ngo-Jordanes de Bergamo, Umba wezandi. Urekhoda ukuba ngeentsuku ezithile okanye ebusuku bathambisa intonga kwaye bakhwele kuyo ukuya kwindawo emiselweyo okanye bazithambise phantsi kweengalo nakwezinye iindawo ezinoboya. Esinye isivumo esivela kuAntoine Rose, igqwirha likaSavoy, elanyanzelwa phantsi koxinzelelo ngo-1477, ngokukaKristen J. Sollee Amagqwirha Abafazi Abasetyhini Sluts , Utyhola umtyholi wanika lo mfazi intonga eyi-18 ye-intshi ubude awayeza kuyigcoba kwaye ayikhwele kwaye ihanjiswe emoyeni.
Asinakukwazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ezo zinto zenzeka naphina ngaphandle kwabazingeli bemilingo, njengokuba kuninzi okulahlekileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo. Kodwa ezi ngxelo zinika inkcazo enokwenzeka kakhulu ngomfanekiso wakudala wegqwirha elibhabha emoyeni kwi-broomstick. Ekuphandeni oku Ndifumene amagqwirha anamhlanje asebenzisa ioyile yokubhabha ekusebenzeni kwabo , kwaye abathi isicelo sayo kumalungu esini yintsomi emsulwa. Kodwa emva koko, loo akhawunti ithatha njengeyinyani ukufakwa kwamanqatha abantwana kwiresiphi, kungoko ke kunokuba uzama ukucoca izinto. Kwaye, ke, ukutshutshiswa kwamagqwirha bekusoloko kunento yokwenza nokucinezela isini sabasetyhini. Imitshayelo ikwanayo neminye imibutho kubugqwirha bale mihla nobembali, ukusuka ekucoceni isithuba ukuya ekuthabatheni ubugqi bemithi, kodwa ayothusi into yokuba abantu aboyikayo amagqwirha bangacinga ukuba banobubi kunye nezesondo.
Ioli yokubhabha iye yafumana ukuthandwa okutsha kwiminyaka yakutshanje njengoko uninzi lwamagqwirha lwanamhlanje luphonononge ukubaleka komoya. Kukho zonke iintlobo zeoli yokubhabha ephaphazelayo (ubukhulu becala yenziwe kwizityalo ezingenatyhefu njengemugwort) ezifumaneka kwi-Intanethi nakwi-Etsy. Kwaye sikubonile ukusetyenziswa kwayo kubonisiwe kwimidiya ngokunjalo (njengoko sibonile Umzobo weLady on Fire ), kwaye njengoko uluntu lukhulula malunga noloyiko lwabo lwezityalo ezisebenza ngengqondo, siyakubona kuphela ukwanda komdla.
Kodwa sifuna ukuphela ngesilumkiso sokungaxumi ekwenzeni ioyile yakho ebhabha ekhaya. Kungcono ukuba ushiye kwiingcali, kwaye kukho iindawo ezithile ongafuniyo iziqwenga.
(nge: Umntu obuzayo kwinzululwazi , umfanekiso: I-Woodcut enganikelwanga, malunga ne-1400; indawo yoluntu)
Ngaba ufuna amanye amabali anje? Yiba ngumbhalisi kwaye uxhase indawo!
-UMary Sue unemigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo yokuphawula engavumiyo, kodwa ayikhawulelwanga, ukuthukwa nabani na , Intiyo nentetho egonyamelayo. —
